# Describe the disease of the cardiovascular System #
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## High blood pressure is a deferment from the army ##
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High blood pressure as a reason for exemption from military service: Medical and legal aspects
Hypertension medical arterial hypertension referred to, in certain cases a possible reason for the exemption from military service. This Text examines the medical criteria, as well as the legal framework under which an exemption may be granted on the basis of high blood pressure.
Medical Basics
Arterial hypertension is diagnosed if the blood pressure readings are consistently above the normal range. According to current medical guidelines, a systolic value of ≥applies 140 mmHg and/or diastolic ≥90 mmHg as a morbidly increased. The disease can lead to significant stress for the cardiovascular System and the risk for complications such as heart attack, stroke or kidney damage increase.
In the assessment of the ability to Service, in particular, the following aspects are in the foreground:
Degree of hypertension: A mild hypertension (grade I) may not be sufficient under the circumstances to justify a full exemption, while severe forms (degree II and III) represent a greater impairment.
Therapy rezistenz: If the blood cannot be set pressure despite adequate drug therapy is stable, this indicates a significant disease expression.
Organ involvement: Existing damage to target organs (heart, kidneys, eyes, background, cerebral vessels) exacerbate the prognosis and the assessment is crucial.
Co-morbidities: The combination of hypertension and other chronic diseases (e.g. Diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease) increases the overall risk significantly.
Legal Framework
In Germany, the law on compulsory military service, and the service suitability regulation, the criteria for determining the service's ability to regulate. In accordance with the requirements of persons whose state of health has a significant impairment will be divided into various categories:
services capable,
service capable of
disabled.
For exemption for high blood pressure the following conditions must be verified:
Sustainable medical documentation: long-Term blood pressure measurements (daily profile, ambulatory measurement), medical findings and courses of Treatment must be available.
Objective findings: evidence of organ damage by imaging techniques (echocardiography, renal function tests, examination of the eyes), or laboratory analysis.
Therapy patient history: evidence that appropriate treatment has been initiated and the success is well documented.
Prognostic assessment: A doctor needs to assess whether the disease is likely to remain over a longer period of time and the physical performance limits.
Conclusion
High blood pressure may serve, in certain circumstances, in fact as a reason for exemption from military service. In addition, what is the blood pressure values, but in particular, the degree of the disease, the Presence of complications, as well as resistance to Therapy are. An objective and comprehensive medical examination is a prerequisite for an informed assessment of the Service capability. The decision on an exemption is carried out by the competent military authority on the Basis of a medical opinion.
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Diseases of the cardiovascular system: causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches
The cardiovascular diseases (including cardiovascular diseases) represent one of the leading causes of death worldwide. This group of diseases includes a variety of disorders affecting the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) or both.
The main forms of cardiovascular disease
Among the most common and important diseases:
Coronary heart disease (CHD): it is caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries, which supply the heart muscle tissue with oxygen. The narrowing is usually due to atherosclerosis is the deposition of Plaques (made of cholesterol, fat and other substances) to the inner vessel walls.
Heart failure: In this disease, the heart loses its ability to pump enough blood throughout the body. They may be the result of a long-term high blood pressure, CHD, or a heart attack.
High blood pressure (hypertension): A permanently elevated blood pressure is damaging in the long term, the blood vessels and increases the risk for heart attack, stroke, and kidney damage.
Stroke (apoplexy): It occurs when the blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted, either by a blockage (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke).
Arrhythmias: deviations from the normal heart rhythm, such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation, can lead to irregular heartbeat and an increased risk of stroke.
Flap error: malfunction of the heart valves (e.g., stenosis or insufficiency is) hinder the normal flow of blood through the heart.
Risk factors
The risk factors for cardiovascular disease in modifiable and non-modifiable sub-parts:
Non-modifiable: age, gender (men are up to 50. Age at greater risk), family history.
Modifiable: Smoking, unhealthy diet (high cholesterol levels), lack of physical activity, Overweight/obesity, Diabetes mellitus, chronic Stress.
Symptoms
The symptomatology varies depending on the disease, but can include the following symptoms:
Chest pain (Angina pectoris)
Shortness of breath (dyspnea), especially with physical exertion
Dizziness and fainting
Heart palpitations or irregular heartbeat
Edema (water retention), and in particular on the legs
General fatigue and reduce the performance of
Diagnosis and treatment
The diagnosis includes clinical examinations, and laboratory analyses (lipid spectrum of blood sugar), ECG, echocardiography, stress testing and, if necessary, a coronary angiography.
The treatment depends on the particular disease and can drug therapy (e.g., blood pressure-lowering, cholesterol-lowering drugs, anticoagulants), include lifestyle changes (Smoking cessation, healthy diet, regular physical activity) or surgical procedures (e.g., Bypass surgery, Stent Implantation).
Prevention
Effective prevention focuses on the modification of risk factors, regular medical examinations, healthy lifestyle and early Intervention in case of health problems can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease significantly.
## Year of the fight against cardiovascular diseases ##
Year to combat cardiovascular diseases: your heart deserves the best attention!
Cardiovascular diseases are one of the main causes of avoidable deaths worldwide — but many of them can be prevented. Therefore, the world community is calling this year the year to combat cardiovascular diseases.
Why is this important?
Every quarter of an hour, someone suffers in Germany of a heart attack.
Many of the risk factors — such as unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, Stress and Smoking are influenced.
Early detection and preventive measures to save lives.
What is the fighting is done in the framework of the year?
In this special year, we put together the following priorities:
Reconnaissance: information campaigns to heart health in schools, Businesses and the General Public.
Early detection: free blood pressure measurements and risk tests in clinics and practices.
Prevention: sports and nutrition programs to strengthen heart health.
Research: More resources for innovative therapy approaches and heart research.
How can you participate?
Your contribution counts! Here are easy steps to protect your heart and to be an example to others:
You have their blood pressure and cholesterol levels checked regularly.
Exercise daily for at least 30 minutes — to walk, ride a bike or play sports.
Eat heart healthy: fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fish, less salt and saturated fatty acids.
You refrain from Smoking and your heart will thank you.
Share this information with your friends and family and make them together on the heart's health.
Together, we can protect the heart, today and tomorrow.
Visit our Website https://cardio.nashi-veshi.ru for more information, dates of health actions, and useful tips.
Your Heart. Your Life. Your Future.
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## Properties of the flow disorders of the cardiovascular System ##
I am happy to offer a scientific Text on the topic of properties of the flow in the case of diseases of the cardiovascular system in English:
Characteristics of the flow in the case of diseases of the cardiovascular system
The dynamics of the blood flow in the human body is a complex physiological phenomenon, which is closely connected with the function of the cardiovascular system. In healthy people, the blood flow is characterized by a laminar flow, in which the blood cells are flowing evenly and parallel to the vessel wall. This type of flow minimizes resistance and allows a more efficient supply the organs with oxygen and nutrients.
In various diseases of the cardiovascular system, however, significant changes in the flow characteristics occur. In the Following, the main pathologies and their impact on the flow dynamics are described:
1. Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis leads to narrowing of the blood vessels (stenosis) due to the Plaques, which deposited on the vessel walls. These constrictions disrupt the laminar flow, and can lead to turbulent flows. Turbulence increase the walls of the shear stress on the vessel, which may contribute to the progression of further damage and progression of the disease. The flow velocity in the area of the stenosis increases significantly, while after the constriction decreases — a phenomenon that due to the continuity law (A
1
⋅v
1
=A
2
⋅v
2
) explained.
2. Heart valve defects
Defective heart valves, such as aortic stenosis or mitral regurgitation, the flaps, the flow conditions change within the heart and adjacent vessels. In the case of a stenosis of the aortic valve, the heart has to pump against increased resistance, which leads to an increased velocity of flow through the narrowed valve. This can lead to turbulence and a characteristic Heart murmur (Murmur). In case of Insufficiency, however, there is a back flow (Regurgitation) of blood, which interferes with the normal laminar flow and cardiac output impaired.
3. Aneurysms
Aneurysms are local Outgrowths of blood vessels, leading to an elongation and weakening of the vessel wall. In one aneurysm, the flow pattern changes: It Eddies (Vortices) and areas of low flow velocity form. This promotes thrombus formation, since the blood cells and clotting factors remain longer in contact with the vessel wall. The risk of a thrombus of departure and embolic closure of distant vessels, and this increases significantly.
4. Hypertension
Persistent high blood pressure (hypertension) leads to structural changes of the blood vessels, including thickening of the vessel wall (hypertrophy of the Media). This reduces the vessel diameter and increased peripheral resistance. The result is an increased flow velocity and an increase in shear stress, which can damage the endothelial cells. In the long term, this favours diseases, the development of arteriosclerosis and other cardiovascular disease.
5. Heart failure
In heart failure, the pumping capacity of the heart is reduced, which leads to slow blood flow. A reduced flow velocity increases the risk of thrombus formation, particularly in the chambers of the heart. Moreover, it can lead to a congestion of blood in the veins, which increases the hydrostatic pressure and Edema (water retention) in the tissues caused.
Summary
Various diseases of the cardiovascular system to change the properties of the blood flow in a characteristic way. Turbulence in the case of atherosclerosis via increased speeds with valvular Heart to slow flow in heart failure — these changes are not only symptoms, but often even to the progression of the disease. A deeper understanding of the flow dynamics in cardiovascular pathologies is thus essential for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these diseases.
If you wish, I can make certain sections in more detail, or other aspects add!
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